Table 5-c. Numbers of cases in the study - Mexico.

Tracer condition

Total surveyed

Surveyed with at least one physicians’ visit in the period under study

Number

%

Hypertension

541

514

95.0

Prenatal care

562

544

96.8

Diarrhea

198

192

97.0

Table 6-c. Means and standard deviations of variables used in the model - Mexico.

Variable and categories

Mean

Standard deviation

Hypertension

Predisposing variables
        Age (AGE)
        Sex (SEX)
0 = male (109)
1 = female (432)
        Education level (INS)
        Family income (INC)
        Log transformation of income (LGINCOME) (a)
        Attitudes and beliefs (A&B) (b)

58.00
0.80


6.25
478.36
5.89
12.05

13.36
0.40


4.40
405.73
0.75
5.04

Enabling variables
        Social support (SSO) (c)
        Entitlement (ENT)
0 = without entitlement (41)
1 = with entitlement (500)
        Out-of-pocket payment (OPM) (d)
        Regular source of care (RSC)
0 = without regular doctor (267)
1 = with regular doctor (274)

15.35
0.92


2.40
0.51

4.94
0.26


1.06
0.50

Need variables
        Perceived need (PNE)

1.61

0.50

Utilization variables
        Number of visits to doctor (NUM)
Log transformation of use (LGCONSUL) (e)

5.58
1.42

6.09
0.75

(a) Log transformation reduced the skewness from 2.74 to 0.08 and the kurtosis value from 9.83 to 0.11.

(b) Cronbach’s alpha coefficient associated to the scale of 9 items: 0.86.

(c) Cronbach’s alpha coefficient associated to the scale of 6 items: 0.71.

(d) Cronbach’s alpha coefficient associated to the scale of 2 items: 0.84.

(e) Log transformation reduced the skewness from 5.92 to 0.12 and the kurtosis value from 53.93 to 0.50.

Prenatal care

Predisposing variables
        Age (AGE)
        Education level (INS)
        Family income (INC)
        Log transformation of income (LGINCOME) (a)
        Attitudes and beliefs (A&B) (b)

25.94
9.52
454.90
5.85
11.30

5.92
3.50
381.57
0.73
4.77

Enabling variables
        Social support (SSO) (c)
        Entitlement (ENT)
0 = without entitlement (95)
1 = with entitlement (467)
        Out-of-pocket payment (OPM) (d)
        Regular source of care (RSC)
0 = without regular doctor (266)
1 = with regular doctor (296)

16.58
0.83


2.19
0.53

4.04
0.38


0.95
0.50

Need variables
        Perceived need (PNE)

1.86

0.44

Utilization variables
        Number of visits to doctor (NUM)
Square-root transformation of use (SQCONSUL) (e)

6.67
2.41

4.13
0.93

(a) Log transformation reduced the skewness from 2.69 to -0.01 and the kurtosis value from 9.70 to 0.14.

(b) Cronbach’s alpha coefficient associated to the scale of 9 items: 0.83.

(c) Cronbach’s alpha coefficient associated to the scale of 6 items: 0.64.

(d) Cronbach’s alpha coefficient associated to the scale of 2 items: 0.66.

(e) The square root transformation reduced skewness from 1.29 to -0.74 and the kurtosis value from 3.87 to 1.64.

Diarrhea

Predisposing variables
        Age (AGE)
        Sex (SEX)
0 = male (111)
1 = female (87)
        Education level (INS)
        Family income (INC)
        Log transformation of income (LGINCOME) (a)
        Attitudes and beliefs (A&B) (b)

2.29
0.44


8.43
495.47
5.90
11.50

1.60
0.50


3.62
443.92
0.76
4.57

Enabling variables
        Social support (SSO) (c)
        Entitlement (ENT)
0 = without entitlement (32)
1 = with entitlement (166)
        Out-of-pocket payment (OPM) (d)
        Regular source of care (RSC)
0 = without regular doctor (65)
1 = with regular doctor (133)

16.57
0.84


2.03
0.67

4.27
0.37


0.93
0.47

Need variables
        Perceived need (PNE)

1.82

0.47

Utilization variables
        Number of visits to doctor (NUM)
        Log transformation of use (LGCONSUL) (e)

3.15
0.88

2.73
0.71

(a) Log transformation reduced the skewness from 2.55 to 0.07 and the kurtosis value from 7.64 to 0.13.

(b) Cronbach’s alpha coefficient associated to the scale of 9 items: 0.80.

(c) Cronbach’s alpha coefficient associated to the scale of 6 items: 0.63.

(d) Cronbach’s alpha coefficient associated to the scale of 2 items: 0.72.

(e) The log transformation reduced the skewness from 3.23 to 0.36 and the kurtosis value from 18.39 to -0.50.

Table 7-c. Correlation coefficients - Mexico.

Hyper­tension

Sex (SEX)

Education (INS)

Log­income (INC)

Attitudes (A&B)

Support (SSO)

Entitlement (ENT)

Pay­ment (OPM)

Source (RSC)

Need (PNE)

Loguse (NUM)

AGE

-0.2345

-0.2963

-0.0867

0.2085

-0.1066

0.1988

0.1531

-0.0053

0.1582

0.0761

SEX

-0.1705

-0.0307

-0.0798

0.0009

-0.0754

-0.0597

0.0113

-0.1651

-0.0331

INS

0.3175

0.0315

0.2205

0.0155

-0.0042

0.0302

0.1510

0.0161

INC

0.0301

0.1259

0.1111

0.0000

0.0508

0.0778

0.1159

A&B

0.0621

0.0912

0.4060

0.0087

0.2646

0.1732

SSO

-0.0294

-0.0003

-0.0194

0.1260

0.1093

ENT

0.1023

0.0287

0.1193

0.1078

OPM

-0.1135

0.1925

-0.0482

RSC

-0.0513

0.1000

PNE

-0.1004

Pre­natal Care

Sex (SEX)

Education (INS)

Log­income (INC)

Attitudes (A&B)

Support (SSO)

Entitlement (ENT)

Payment (OPM)

Source (RSC)

Need (PNE)

Sqrtuse (NUM)

AGE

0.1327

0.1504

-0.0224

0.0819

0.1182

0.0461

0.0261

-0.1089

0.0462

INS

0.3883

0.1005

0.3387

0.0530

0.0348

0.1349

0.0642

0.2437

INC

0.1663

0.1895

0.1705

0.1275

-0.0030

0.1155

0.2203

A&B

0.1382

0.0385

0.2186

0.1109

0.1420

0.0615

SSO

0.0553

-0.0572

0.0679

0.0505

0.2429

ENT

0.1021

-0.0491

0.1339

0.0215

OPM

-0.0899

0.0841

-0.0692

RSC

0.0777

0.0959

PNE

0.1094

Diar­rhea

Sex (SEX)

Education (INS)

Log­income (INC)

Attitudes (A&B)

Support (SSO)

Entitlement. (ENT)

Payment (OPM)

Source (RSC)

Need (PNE)

Loguse (NUM)

AGE

-0.1079

-0.2162

-0.0453

-0.0467

-0.0754

0.0389

0.0947

-0.0311

-0.1421

-0.2936

SEX

-0.1397

-0.0905

-0.0938

-0.1228

-0.0443

-0.1362

-0.1715

-0.0178

0.0429

ENS

0.2888

0.1452

0.1985

-0.0072

0.0462

0.1199

0.1845

0.0673

INC

-0.0005

0.1697

0.1698

0.0537

-0.0541

0.2355

-0.0022

A&B

0.1858

-0.0079

0.3800

0.2702

0.1099

-0.0413

SSO

0.0744

-0.0768

0.2188

0.0478

0.0876

ENT

-0.0165

-0.0757

0.0387

0.0398

OPM

-0.0395

0.2704

-0.0638

RSC

-0.0396

0.0243

PNE

-0.0258

Table 8-c. Path analysis coefficients - Mexico.

Variable

R² (variance explained)

Independent variable

Standardized partial regression coefficient

Hypertension

Utilization variables
    Number of visits to
    doctor (NUM)*

0.1025

Perceived need (PNE)
Out-of-pocket payment (OPM)
Entitlement (ENT)
Social support (SSO)
Attitudes and beliefs (A&B)
Logincome (INC)

-0.1598
-0.1169
0.1058
0.1013
0.2331
0.0877

Need variables
    Perceived need (PNE)

0.1267

Social support (SSO)
Attitudes and beliefs (A&B)
Education (INS)
Age (AGE)

0.1170
0.2376
0.1664
0.1583

Enabling variables
    Regular source of care (RSC)
    Out-of-pocket payment (OPM)
    Entitlement (ENT)

0.0116
0.0105
0.0561

Out-of-pocket payment (OPM)
Entitlement (ENT)
Logincome (INC)
Age (AGE)

-0.1085
0.1064
0.1241
0.2004

Social support (SSO)

0.0486

Education level (INS)

0.2116

* Log transformation of number of visits to the doctor.

Prenatal care

Utilization variables
    Number of visits to
    doctor (NUM)*

0.1041

Social support (SSO)
Logincome (INC)
Education level (INS)

0.1250
0.0999
0.0993

Need variables
    Perceived need (PNE)

0.0309

Attitudes and beliefs (A&B)
Age (AGE)

0.1455
-0.0970

Enabling variables
    Regular source of care (RSC)

0.0267

Direct payment (OPM)
Attitudes and beliefs (A&B)

-0.1150
0.1445

Out-of-pocket payment (OPM)

0.0163

Logincome (INC)

0.1289

Entitlement (ENT)

0.0378

Logincome (INC)
Age (AGE)

0.1532
0.0920

Social support (SSO)

0.1147

Education level (INS)

0.3502

* Square-root transformation of number of visits to the doctor.

Diarrhea

Utilization variables
    Number of visits to the
    doctor (NUM)*

0.0862

Age (AGE)

-0.2919

Need variables
    Perceived need (PNE)

0.0340

Education level (INS)

0.1871

Enabling variables
    Regular source of care (RSC)

0.1001

Out-of-pocket payment (OPM)
Attitudes and beliefs (A&B)

-0.1677
0.3382

Out-of-pocket payment (OPM)

-

-

-

Entitlement (ENT)

0.0288

Logincome (INC)

0.1757

Social support (SSO)

0.0394

Education level (INS)

0.2094

* Log transformation of number of visits to the doctor.